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First aid

Hypothermia and Frostbite

First aid for hypothermia and frostbite: recognise the signs, move to shelter, rewarm gently and avoid common mistakes.

Emergency? Call 112 now. Dispatchers will guide you through these steps on the phone.

Hypothermia is a drop in core body temperature below 35 °C (95 °F). It develops in cold air, wind and especially cold water, and can be fatal.

Signs

  • Shivering (which may stop as it worsens), pale cold skin.
  • Slurred speech, clumsiness, confusion, drowsiness.
  • Slow, shallow breathing and a weak pulse in severe cases.

What to do

  1. Call your emergency number for anyone confused, drowsy or not shivering.
  2. Move them out of the cold and handle gently — rough handling can trigger dangerous heart rhythms.
  3. Remove wet clothing and cover with dry blankets, including the head; insulate from the ground.
  4. Rewarm the core with warm (not hot) packs to the armpits, chest and groin. Give warm sweet drinks only if fully alert.
  5. Do not rub limbs, use hot baths, or give alcohol.

Frostbite

Affected skin turns white, grey or waxy and numb. Rewarm in warm (not hot) water only if there is no chance of refreezing; don't rub; protect blisters and get medical care.

Last reviewed October 22, 2026 against current public guidance from national resuscitation councils and Red Cross / Red Crescent first-aid manuals. General education only — not a substitute for certified training or professional medical advice. Medical disclaimer · Suggest a correction