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First aid

Broken Bones, Sprains and Head Injuries

First aid for suspected fractures, sprains and head injuries: immobilise, use cold packs, and know concussion red flags that need emergency care.

Emergency? Call 112 now. Dispatchers will guide you through these steps on the phone.

Suspected broken bone

  1. Keep the injured part still and support it in the position found — don't try to straighten it.
  2. Control any bleeding and cover open wounds with a clean dressing.
  3. Apply a cold pack wrapped in cloth for up to 20 minutes.
  4. Call your emergency number for open fractures, suspected neck/back/hip/thigh fractures, or if the limb is cold, pale or numb.

Sprains and strains

Protect and rest the joint, apply wrapped ice for 15–20 minutes at a time in the first 48 hours, use compression and elevation, then return gradually to movement. If you cannot bear weight or pain is severe, get an X-ray.

  • They were knocked out, even briefly, or are drowsy and hard to wake.
  • Repeated vomiting, worsening headache, seizures or confusion.
  • Clear fluid or blood from the nose or ears, unequal pupils, weakness or numbness.
  • They take blood thinners or are an older adult.

Last reviewed October 22, 2026 against current public guidance from national resuscitation councils and Red Cross / Red Crescent first-aid manuals. General education only — not a substitute for certified training or professional medical advice. Medical disclaimer · Suggest a correction